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| Placental marker analysis of WT and BRUCE mutants at E9.5, E10.5, and E11.5. Specific antisense riboprobes were reacted to serial placental sections of WT (BRUCE +/+) and mutant (BRUCE -/-) embryos. Placental lactogen (Pl-1) and proliferin are highly expressed in trophoblast giant cells, Tpbp (4311) is specifically expressed in spongiotrophoblast cells. Expression of the transcription factor eHand is detectable in diploid trophoblast cells of the labyrinth as well as the spongiotrophoblast layer and at higher level in trophoblast giant cells, Mash2 is expressed in labyrinth and spongiotrophoblast cells, and Gcm1 expression is restricted to elongating and fusing trophoblast cells forming the syncytiotrophoblast layers. Expression pattern of specific placental markers is comparable in WT and mutant placenta. Note the reduction of Tpbp-expressing cells in the spongiotrophoblast layer and the increased number of Pl-1-expressing cells in BRUCE-deficient placenta at E11.5. Scale bars, 1 mm. |
Dual role of BRUCE as an
anti-apoptotic IAP and a chimeric E2/E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Bartke, T., Pohl, C.,
Pyrowolakis,
G., and Jentsch, S. (2004).
Mol. Cell 14,
801-811.